* PHẦN I: LÝ THUYẾT
A. Câu trực tiếp và câu gián tiếp (Direct and Reported speech):
Giống: Luôn có 2 phần: mệnh đề tường thuật và lời nói trực tiếp hay lời nói gián tiếp
Eg: Tom says, “I go to college next summer”
MĐTT Lời nói trực tiếp
Tom says (that) he goes to college next summer
MĐTT Lời nói gián tiếp
Khác:
a. Direct speech: Là lời nói được thuật lại đúng nguyên văn của người nói. Được viết giữa dấu trích hay ngoặc kép và ngăn cách với mệnh đề tường thuật bởi dấu phẩy
eg: John said, “I like reading science books”
The teacher said, “I’ll give you a test tomorrow”
b. Reported speech / Indirect speech: Là lời nói được thuật lại với ý và từ của người thuật, nhưng vẫn giữ nguyên ý. Không bị ngăn cách bởi dấu phẩy hay dấu ngoặc kép, và luôn tận cùng bằng dấu chấm câu.
Eg: John said (that) he liked reading science books
The teacher said (that) he would give us a test the next day
B/ Các thay đổi trong câu gián tiếp
1. Thay đổi động từ tường thuật: Động từ tường thuật của lời nói trực tiếp phải được đổi phù hợp với nghĩa hoặc cấu trúc câu của lời nói gián tiếp
Eg: He said, “Do you like coffee?” à He asked me if I liked coffee
“If I were you, I’d not buy that coat,” said Mary à Mary advised me not to buy the coat
Chú ý: SAY TO: không bao giờ được dùng ở lời nói gián tiếp. (phải đổi bằng TELL + (O))
TELL: không bao giờ được dùng ở lời nói trực tiếp.
2. Thay đổi các ngôi ( đại từ, tính từ, đại từ sở hữu) theo tình huống của câu:
VD: Mr Nam said to Hoa, “You take your book out and show it to me”
- Tình huống 1: Một người bạn của Hoa tường thuật với người bạn khác: Mr Nam told Hoa that she took her book out and showed it to him.
- Tình huống 2: Hoa tường thuật với một người bạn khác: Mr Nam told me that I took my book out and showed it to him
- Tình huống 3: Thầy Nam tường thuật với người khác: I told Hoa that she took her book out and showed it to me
a.Đổi NGÔI THỨ NHÌ (II) ra một ngôi nào đó để cùng một ngôi với đại từ tân ngữ trong mệnh đề chính.
EX1:Direct: She says to me: “ You are late today”
Indirect: She tells me that I am late today.
EX2:Direct: He says to her: “ I want to go with you”
Indirect: He tells her that he wanted to go with her.
Lưu ý: -Nếu câu trực tiếp dùng “say to” thì câu gián tiếp đổi thành”tell”
b. Ngôi thứ ba không đổi :
Ex: Direct: She says: “He is lazy”
Indirect: She says that he is lazy.
3. Thay đổi thời gian, địa điểm, các từ chỉ định
a. Từ chỉ thời gian
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Câu trực tiếp |
Câu gián tiếp |
|
- now - ago - today - tonight - yesterday - tomorrow - Yesterday morning/ afternoon - Tomorrow morning - the day before yesterday - the day after tomorrow - last year - next month
Here These this |
à then, at that time, at once, immediately à before/an hour earlier à that day à that night à the day before/the previous day à the next day/the following day à the previous morning/ afternoon à the next/following morning à two days before à (in) two days’ time à the year before/the previous year à the month after/the following month/ the next month ->there ->those ->that |
b. Từ chỉ nơi chốn, địa điểm:
HERE à THERE: Khi chỉ một địa điểm xác định
Eg: “Do you put the pen here?” he said à He asked me if I put the pen there
HEREà cụm từ thích hợp tùy theo nghĩa:
Eg: She said to me, “You sit here” à She told me to sit next to her.
“Come here, John,” he said à He told John to come over him.
c. Các đại từ chỉ định:
THIS/ THESE + từ chỉ thời gian à THAT/THOSE
Eg: “They’re coming this evening,” he said. à He said (that) they were coming that evening
THIS/THESE + danh từ à THE
Eg: “Is this book yours?” said Mary à Mary asked me if the book was mine
THIS/THESE: chỉ thị đại từ à IT/ THEM
Eg: He said, “I like this” à He said (that) he liked it
Ann said to Tom, “Please take these into my room” à Ann asked Tom to take them into her room
4. Thay đổi thì của động từ
- Các trường hợp thay đổi thì:
Khi các động từ tường thuật (say, tell, ask…) ở thì quá khứ, động từ trong câu gián tiếp phải lùi về quá khứ một thì so với câu trực tiếp.
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Câu trực tiếp |
Câu gián tiếp |
|
Simple Present: “I don’t know this man” Present Continuous: “I’m working for a foreign company” Present Perfect: “I’ve read a good book” Present Perfect Continuous: “I have been writing my report”. Simple Past: “I finished my assignment” Simple Future: “I will do it later” Modal Verbs: “I can work late today” “I may see her tonight” “I must/have to go now” |
Simple Past: He said he didn’t know that man Past Continuous: He said he was working for a foreign company Past Perfect: He said he had read a good book Past Perfect Continuous: He said he had been writing his report Past Perfect: He said he had finished his assignment Future in the past: He said he would do it later. Past forms of modals: He said he could work late that day He said he might see her that night He said he had to go then |
- Các trường hợp không thay đổi thì:
a. Khi động từ tường thuật (say, tell, ask…) ở thì hiện tại đơn, tương lai đơn hay hiện tại hoàn thành:
Eg: He says, “I don’t know the answer to your question”
à He says to me that he doesn’t know the answer to my question
They’ll say, “We’ll buy a new house” à They’ll say (that) they will buy a new house
b. Khi động từ tường thuật (say, tell, ask…) ở thì quá khứ, động từ trong câu gián tiếp không đổi thì trong các trường hợp sau :
- Tường thuật một sự thật hiển nhiên, một chân lý, định luật khoa học hay vật lý:
Eg: My teacher said, “Russia is the biggest country in the world”
à My teacher said that Russia is the biggest country in the world
He said, “health is more precious than gold” à He said (that) health is more precious than gold
- Được tường thuật ngay sau khi nói hay khi thuật lại sự kiện vẫn không đổi:
Eg: (In class): A: What did the teacher say?
B: He said (that) he wants us to do our homework
- Khi động từ trong câu trực tiếp là các động từ như: USED TO, hay các động từ khiếm khuyết: COULD, WOULD, SHOULD, MIGHT, OUGHT TO, HAD TO, HAD BETTER
Eg: He said, “They might win the game” à He said to me that they might win the game.
- Với MUST diễn tả lời khuyên:
Eg: “This book is very useful. You must read it”, Tom said to me.
à Tom told me (that) the book was very useful and I must read it.
- Khi động từ trong câu trực tiếp ở các thì: Past Continuous, Past perfect, Past Perfect Continuous, (nếu thì Simple Past đi kèm một thời gian cụ thể có thể không thay đổi thì).
Eg: He said, “I was eating when he called me” à He told me he was eating when she called him.
- Khi tường thuật mệnh đề ước muốn (wish): theo sau động từ WISH, WOULD RATHER, IF ONLY
Eg: He said, “I wish I were richer” à He told me he wished he were richer
She said, “I wish I had a good memory”à She said she wished she had a good memory
- Các câu điều kiện loại 2, 3 (câu điều kiện không thật)
Eg: He said, “If I had time, I would help you” à He said to me if he had time, he would help me
- Cấu trúc “It’s (high) time…”
Eg: He said, “It’s time we went” à He said it was time they went.
He said, “It’s time we changed our way of working” à He said (that) it was time they changed their way of working.
C/ Một số hình thức câu gián tiếp
1. Statements.
said that
S + said to + Obj + that + S + V + O.
told ( changed)
Direct: He said, “ I’ll lend you my book, Alice.”
Indirect: He told Alice that he would lend her his book.
2. Wh-questions:
S + asked + Obj + wh-word + S + V + O.
wanted to know ( changed)
Direct: She said, “ Where are you going now?”
Indirect: She asked Tom where he was going then.
3. Yes- No questions:
S + asked + Obj + If/ whether + S + V + O.
wanted to know ( changed)
Direct: She said, “ Do you go to school today, my son?”
Reported: She asked her son if he went to school that day.
4.Imperatives:
asked
told
S + ordered + Obj + to infinitive.
forced
advised
begged
Direct: She said’ “Open the windows, please.”
Reported: She told me to open the windows.
Direct: He said, “ Don’t be late for school, Alice.”
Reported: He advised Alice not to be late for school.
b. Tường thuật lời khuyên (Advice) dùng cấu trúc: advise somebody (not) to do something
Lời khuyên: - Had better, ought to, should, must
- Why don’t you + V?
- If I were you, I’d (not) + V…
Eg: “Why don’t you take a course in computer?” my teacher said to me.
à My teacher advised me to take a course in computer.
c. Tường thuật lời mời (Invitation) dùng cấu trúc: invite somebody to do something
Eg: “Would you like to have breakfast with me?” Tom said to me. à Tom invited me to have breakfast with him.
d. Tường thuật lời cảnh báo (warn) dùng cấu trúc: warn somebody (not) to do something
“Don’t touch the red buttons,” said the mom to the child. à The mom warns the child not to touch the red buttons
e. Tường thuật lời nhắc nhở (reminders) dùng cấu trúc: remind somebody to do something
“Don’t forget to turn off the lights before leaving,” Sue told me à Sue reminded me to turn off the lights before leaving
f. Tường thuật lời động viên (encouragement) dùng cấu trúc: encourage / urge somebody to do something
“Go on, take part in the competition,” said my father à My father encouraged me to take part in the competition
g. Tường thuật lời cấu khẩn dùng cấu trúc: beg/implore somebody to do something
“Do me a favor, please,” said the servant to his master à The servant begged/implored his master to do him a favor.
h. Tường thuật lời đề nghị , tự nguyện (offers) dùng cấu trúc: offer to do something
Lời đề nghị: - Shall I + V
- Would you like me + to V
- Let me + V
Eg: Mary said to Ann, “Shall I get you a glass of orange juice?” à Mary offered to get Anna a glass of orange juice.
“Shall I bring you some tea?” He asked à He offered to bring me some tea
i. Tường thuật lời hứa (Promises) dùng cấu trúc: promise (not) to do something
Eg: “I’ll give the book back to you tomorrow,” he said à He promised to give the book back to me the next day.
j. Tường thuật lời đe dọa (threat) dùng cấu trúc: threaten to do something.
“I’ll shot if you move,” said the robber à The robber threatened to shoot if I moved
4. Câu tường thuật với “gerund”
Các cấu trúc của câu tường thuật với danh động từ:
S + V + V-ing: admit, deny, suggest…
S + V + preposition + V-ing: apologize for, complain about, confess to, insist on, object to, dream of, think of…
S + V + O + preposition + V-ing: accuse..of, blame…for, congratulate…on, criticize…for, warn…about/against, praise…for, thank…for, prevent…from…
Eg: “I’ve always wanted to study abroad,” he said. à He’s dreaming of studying abroad.
“It’s nice of you to give me some fruit. Thanks,” Ann said to Mary àAnn thanked Mary for giving her some fruit
“I’m sorry, I’m late,” Tom said to the teacher. à Tom apologized to the teacher for being late
“Shall we meet at the theater?” he asked à He suggested meeting at the theater.
5. Câu cảm thán trong lời nói gián tiếp
-Khi đổi câu cảm thán(exclaimation) ra câu gián tiếp ta thường dùng các động từ tường thuật sau: greet(chào); cry out( thet lên); sigh(thở dài); complain(than phiền); remark(nhận xét); exclaim(thet lên vì đau đớn, giận dữ, ngạc nhiên)… Ta xem các ví dụ dưới đây:
EX1: Direct: She said:” What a lovely house!”
Indirect: She exclaimed that the house was lovely.
Ex2: Direct: He said to me: “Hello!. How is work?”
Indirect: He greeted me and asked me how work was.
Ex3: Direct: The little boy cried out: “Help me! Help me!”
Indirect: The little boy cried out for help.
Ex4: Direct: She said: “ My toothache is getting worse!”
Indirect: She complained that her toothache was getting worse.
What a lovely dress! à She exclaimed that the dress was lovely.
She exclaimed that the dress was a lovely one.
She exclaimed with admiration at the sight of the dress.
6. Các hình thức hỗn hợp trong lời nói gián tiếp
She said, “Can you play the piano?” and I said “no”
à She asked me if I could play the piano and I said that I could not
PHẦN 2. BÀI TẬP VẬN DỤNG
I. Choose the best answer A, B, C or D that best to complete each of the following sentences.
1. She asked me where I _______ from.
A. come B. coming C. to come D. came
2. I asked Martha _______ to enter law school.
A. are you planning B. if she is planning C. was she planning D. if she was planning
3. Nam wanted to know what time _______.
A. the movie began B. the movie begins
C. does the movie begin D. did the movie begin
4. Julia said that she _______ there at noon.
A. is going to be B. was going to be C. will be D. can be
5. Paul asked her, “Have you got 20 pounds?” à Paul asked her _______ 20 pounds.
A. if she got B. if she had got C. whether she got D. whether had she got
6. He told me _______ him up at six o'clock.
A. please pick B. to pick C. should pick D. I can pick
7. He said that Linda and John _______ married _______.
A. were getting / tomorrow B. are getting / the next day
C. were getting / the next day D. will getting / the day after
8. They asked me when _______.
A. did I arrive B. will I arrive C. I had arrived D. I can arrive
9. The farmer said, “I didn’t see her.” à The farmer said _______ her.
A. he had seen B. I hadn’t seen C. she didn’t see D. he hadn’t seen
10. I wondered _______ the right thing.
A. if I am doing B. was I doing C. am I doing D. whether I was doing
11. Charlie _______ that his father was in hospital.
A. told me B. told to me C. said me D. asked me
12. Mr. Brown said, “I watched TV last night.” à Mr. Brown said that he _______ TV the night before.
A. was watching B. watched C. had watched D. has watched
13. “I'll never make that mistake again”, Robert said. à Robert promised _______ that mistake again.
A. no making B. not made C. never to make D. never made
14. “I'd like you to tell me the truth,” Lara said. à Lana wanted _______ her the truth. A. I to tell B. me to tell C. me telling D. me tell
15. “You should quit smoking and eat more vegetable”, said the doctor.
à The doctor advised him _______ more vegetable.
A. to quit smoking and eat B. quit smoking and eat
C. to quit smoking and to eating D. quitting smoking and eating
16. “Please come and join our party tonight”, said Lana. à Lana invited us_______.
A. to come and join our party tonight B. to their party that night
C. to come and join their party that night D. to our party tonight
17. “Be aware of the dog,” said Tom. à Tom warned us _______.
A. to be aware of the dog B. being aware of the dog
C. we should be aware of the dog D. aware of the dog
18. He asked _______ him some money.
A. her to lend B. her lending C. she has lent D. she lends
19. Andrew told me that they _______ fish two_______ days.
A. have not eaten / ago B. had not eaten / previous
C. did not eat / before D. would not eat / last
20. John often says he _______ boxing because it _______ a cruel sport.
A. does not like / is B. did not like / were
C. not liked / had been D. had not liked / was
21. The host asked Peter _______ tea or coffee.
A. whether he preferred B. that he preferred
C. did he prefer D. if he prefers
22. The mother asked her son _______.
A. where he has been B. where he had been
C. where has he been D. where had he been
23. “Please don't tell anyone what happened," Ann said to me.
A. Ann said to me please don't tell anyone what happened.
B. Ann told me didn't tell anyone what had happened.
C. Ann said me not to tell anyone what happened.
D. Ann told me not to tell anyone what had happened.
24. “Would you like to go to the cinema with me tonight?” he said.
A. He invited me to go to the cinema with him that night.
B. He offered me to go to the cinema with him tonight.
C. He asked me if I'd like to go to the cinema with him tonight.
D. He would like me to go to the cinema with him this night.
25. “Remember to pick me up at 6 o'clock tomorrow afternoon” she said.
A. She told me to remember to pick her up at 6 o'clock tomorrow afternoon.
B. She reminded me to pick her up at 6 o'clock the following afternoon.
C. She reminded me to remember to pick her up at 6 o'clock the next afternoon.
D. She told me to pick her up at 6 o'clock the next day afternoon.
26. “If I were you, I'd tell him the truth,” she said to me.
A. She said to me that if I were you, I'd tell him the truth.
B. She will tell him the truth if she is me.
C. She suggested to tell him the truth if she were me.
D. She advised me to tell him the truth.
27. “I'm really sorry for being late again,” said Ann.
A. I felt sorry for Ann's being late again.
B. Ann was sorry for my being late again.
C. Ann excused for my being late again.
D. Ann apologized for being late again.
28. “How beautiful the dress you have just bought is!” Peter said to Mary.
A. Peter promised to buy Mary a beautiful dress.
B. Peter said thanks to Mary for her beautiful dress.
C. Peter complimented Mary on her beautiful dress.
D. Peter asked Mary how she had just bought her beautiful dress.
29. “Can I bring a friend to the party?” Nancy wanted to know.
A. Nancy asked me if she could bring a friend to the party.
B. Nancy wanted to ask someone to bring her friend to the party.
C. Nancy knew that bring a friend to the party was good.
D. Nancy wanted to invite her friend out and to the party.
30. She asked me, "How high is the church?"
A. She asked me how high the church was.
B. She asked me how high is the church.
C. She asked me how high the church had been.
D. She asked me how high the church is.
Bình luận “Cấu trúc câu trực tiếp và câu gián tiếp từ A - Z”